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Wednesday, June 13, 2012

Turning Up The Heat: Immune Brinksmanship In The Acute-phase Response

AppId is over the quota AppId is over the quota

Abstract
The acute-phase response (APR) is a systemic response to severe trauma, infection, and cancer, although many of the numerous cytokine-mediated components of the APR are incompletely understood. Some of these components, such as fever, reduced availability of iron and zinc, and nutritional restriction due to anorexia, appear to be stressors capable of causing harm to both the pathogen and the host. We review how the host benefits from differences in susceptibility to stress between pathogens and the host. Pathogens, infected host cells, and neoplastic cells are generally more stressed or vulnerable to additional stress than the host because: a) targeted local inflammation works in synergy with APR stressors; b) proliferation/growth increases vulnerability to stress; c) altered pathogen physiology results in pathogen stress or vulnerability; and d) protective heat shock responses are partially abrogated in pathogens since their responses are utilized by the host to enhance immune responses. Therefore, the host utilizes a coordinated system of endogenous stressors to provide additional levels of defense against pathogens. This model of immune brinksmanship can explain the evolutionary basis for the mutually stressful components of the APR.

Posted in evolutionary medicine


 

Turning Up The Heat: Immune Brinksmanship In The Acute-phase Response

AppId is over the quota AppId is over the quota

Abstract
The acute-phase response (APR) is a systemic response to severe trauma, infection, and cancer, although many of the numerous cytokine-mediated components of the APR are incompletely understood. Some of these components, such as fever, reduced availability of iron and zinc, and nutritional restriction due to anorexia, appear to be stressors capable of causing harm to both the pathogen and the host. We review how the host benefits from differences in susceptibility to stress between pathogens and the host. Pathogens, infected host cells, and neoplastic cells are generally more stressed or vulnerable to additional stress than the host because: a) targeted local inflammation works in synergy with APR stressors; b) proliferation/growth increases vulnerability to stress; c) altered pathogen physiology results in pathogen stress or vulnerability; and d) protective heat shock responses are partially abrogated in pathogens since their responses are utilized by the host to enhance immune responses. Therefore, the host utilizes a coordinated system of endogenous stressors to provide additional levels of defense against pathogens. This model of immune brinksmanship can explain the evolutionary basis for the mutually stressful components of the APR.

Posted in evolutionary medicine


 

The evolution of evolutionary molecular medicine

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This article introduces a special issue of the Journal of Molecular Medicine on Evolutionary Molecular Medicine. The first paragraphs are below.


New technologies have always been the driving forces for major developments in science. Medicine is no exception. New sequencing technologies have enabled us to begin understanding the genomic and molecular origins of life and the reasons for disease; they are also transforming evolutionary biology into a new, precise, molecular science that has enormous promise for advancing medicine and public health [1]. This issue of the Journal of Molecular Medicine has invited papers to discuss this exciting development.


Evolution comes to medicine, genomics comes to evolution Medical doctors are trained to taking a detailed history from their patients, their personal history, a family history (and tree if indicated), and the time course symptoms and laboratory tests. Now we look back into the history of mankind and to the origins of life 3.5 billion years ago to understand why we get sick. The history-taking process has thus been extended from the individual to his phylogenetic ancestors. The transformation of medicine by genomics will eventually be recognized among the most significant in a long history of innovations. The beginnings of modern medicine were made…(see article for more)

Posted in evolutionary medicine


 

The evolution of evolutionary molecular medicine

AppId is over the quota AppId is over the quota

This article introduces a special issue of the Journal of Molecular Medicine on Evolutionary Molecular Medicine. The first paragraphs are below.


New technologies have always been the driving forces for major developments in science. Medicine is no exception. New sequencing technologies have enabled us to begin understanding the genomic and molecular origins of life and the reasons for disease; they are also transforming evolutionary biology into a new, precise, molecular science that has enormous promise for advancing medicine and public health [1]. This issue of the Journal of Molecular Medicine has invited papers to discuss this exciting development.


Evolution comes to medicine, genomics comes to evolution Medical doctors are trained to taking a detailed history from their patients, their personal history, a family history (and tree if indicated), and the time course symptoms and laboratory tests. Now we look back into the history of mankind and to the origins of life 3.5 billion years ago to understand why we get sick. The history-taking process has thus been extended from the individual to his phylogenetic ancestors. The transformation of medicine by genomics will eventually be recognized among the most significant in a long history of innovations. The beginnings of modern medicine were made…(see article for more)

Posted in evolutionary medicine


 

MEDLINE citation counts by year of publication [updated]

MEDLINE consists of filled citations indexed mesh ® (medical subject headings ®).

Years of publication with # Citations # Citations published in U.S.% of the citations published in the US * search are performed in PubMed ® on May 14, 2012.

** From December 2006 citations subset OLDMEDLINE, which have all their original terms of mapped to current mesh found in MEDLINE. Has more citations in PubMed with the earlier date of publication; some OLDMEDLINE status, but some are PubMed status or "as provided by the publisher" status.

*** PubMed covers both dates of print and electronic publications in search of the date of publication; in this connection, the citations may be counted as more than one year. Totals do not include these duplicates.

Comments:
-Any search repeated on later can bring different results (usually the higher numbers, as the NLM may have been processed more filled with citations for many reasons, for example, the delay in receiving or new journal for indexing by going back to volume 1, or data from back issues, such as those that are complex in PubMed, or from other sources).
-Counters are limited to a subset of MEDLINE [sb] PubMed and contain no outside citations. To search PubMed MEDLINE excluding the OLDMEDLINE subset of citations, add not jsubsetom to search.
-The country of publication means the country where the published journal. These data are available for only a subset of the OLDMEDLINE from 1964-65.


View the original article here


This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

MEDLINE citation counts by year of publication [updated]

MEDLINE consists of filled citations indexed mesh ® (medical subject headings ®).

Years of publication with # Citations # Citations published in U.S.% of the citations published in the US * search are performed in PubMed ® on May 14, 2012.

** From December 2006 citations subset OLDMEDLINE, which have all their original terms of mapped to current mesh found in MEDLINE. Has more citations in PubMed with the earlier date of publication; some OLDMEDLINE status, but some are PubMed status or "as provided by the publisher" status.

*** PubMed covers both dates of print and electronic publications in search of the date of publication; in this connection, the citations may be counted as more than one year. Totals do not include these duplicates.

Comments:
-Any search repeated on later can bring different results (usually the higher numbers, as the NLM may have been processed more filled with citations for many reasons, for example, the delay in receiving or new journal for indexing by going back to volume 1, or data from back issues, such as those that are complex in PubMed, or from other sources).
-Counters are limited to a subset of MEDLINE [sb] PubMed and contain no outside citations. To search PubMed MEDLINE excluding the OLDMEDLINE subset of citations, add not jsubsetom to search.
-The country of publication means the country where the published journal. These data are available for only a subset of the OLDMEDLINE from 1964-65.


View the original article here


This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

Tuesday, June 12, 2012

ICD-9-CM, SNOMED CT Map now available

Download the map

ICD-9-CM to ICD-9 SNOMED CT map derived from-CM versionDerived with versionJuly SNOMED CT international release 2011

Introduction
Many of the existing electronic record (EHR) systems of health care include clinical information coded in ICD-9-CM. in order to facilitate the migration to SNOMED CT as the basic terminology, clinical patient problems (diseases and conditions), it is desirable that the older the ICD-9-CM you can translate SNOMED CT. This will be possible to compare newly collected data, historical data and will also be on the EHR use SNOMED CT to support clinical decision-making and other features. Purpose of SNOMED CT map (here referred to as "maps"), ICD-9-CM is to facilitate the translation of the data of older and transition to future use SNOMED CT for patients problem lists. It should be noted that this Map is not the same as and serves different purposes of SNOMED CT maps ICD-9-CM.

The most useful maps are maps, one to one, in which the single concept of SNOMED CT may be used to represent the full meaning code of ICD-9-CM. This enables automatic translation of ICD-9-CM codes to SNOMED CT codes without loss of meaning. Map of attempts to identify so many maps one as possible, but due to the differences between the two coding systems, one maps you can not find some codes to ICD-9-CM. that difference is usually caused by one of two reasons. First, the ICD-9-CM, some codes are codes "catch all", including heterogeneous diseases or conditions (such as pneumonia due to other specified bacterial). These codes, commonly known as the "NEC codes" (not elsewhere classified codes), will not have the maps of one of their nature. Secondly, because the SNOMED CT is more detailed than the ICD-9-CM in most areas of disease, certain diseases, ICD-9-CM or conditions are further refined as more specific concepts in SNOMED CT. in such cases, it is not possible to map to the more specific concept of SNOMED CT without entering additional information.

The map is published in two separate files, one containing maps and other mapping one to many. Also included in the files are the frequency of use of codes, ICD-9-CM and the frequency of the use of SNOMED CT concept with the data of the main problems the subset list. This last information can help users identify the objectives of SNOMED CT is more commonly used on maps of one to many.

Mapping methodology
Two lists were obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), including the commonly used ICD-9-CM codes short-term outpatient care hospitals respectively in 2009. SNOMED CT map for codes, ICD-9-CM lists were derived mainly from the two existing sources of knowledge: synonymy between ICD-9-CM or SNOMED CT conditions in the Unified Medical Language System (DIRECTLY) and SNOMED CT to ICD-9-CM Cross maps published in the international release of SNOMED CT. selecting a target SNOMED CT codes was limited to concepts in three hierarchies: finding clinical events and situations in the context of the public. One map identified by DIRECTLY synonymy were not manually approved. Maps of the one-to-many that were algorithmically identified which involved fewer than 5 SNOMED CT aims manual have been revised in order to reduce them to a single map, if possible. Codes to ICD-9-CM without maps or one-to-many maps covering a large number of objectives have not been manually reviewed.

Statistics summary

Map of TypeICD-9-CM codes% use codes to ICD-9-CM * map to a subset of the CORE ConceptsICD-9-CM codes% use codes to ICD-9-CM * 1-1 maps to a subset of the CORE concepts1-M maps to a subset of the basic concepts

* % of consumption is the average in-and out-patient services usage percentage

Versions of terminology and sources of knowledge

ICD-9-CM is the data of the CMS was based on version 2009. 2012 version was used on the map. 61 the codes from the data of the CMS are obsolete, but were carried out on the map, because obsolete codes could be present in legacy data, and so their map is still usefulSNOMED CT -Edition July 2011DIRECTLY – 2011AB release ofSNOMED CT to ICD-9-CM Cross maps – July 2011 release of SNOMED CTCore Problem list subset of SNOMED CT -Edition 201111

The Format of the data
The map is published as two files tab-delimited value from the same file structure. File ICD9CM_SNOMED_MAP_1TO1.TXT contains the codes to ICD-9-CM from one map and the file ICD9CM_SNOMED_MAP_1TOM.TXT contains the codes to ICD-9-CM maps one to the many. For completeness, the second file contains the codes to ICD-9-CM, which do not have maps. The fields are:

ICD_CODE -ICD-9-CM codeICD_NAME – description of the ICD-9-CMIS_CURRENT_ICD -whether the code of ICD-9-CM is still the current version of the 2012IP_USAGE -% of total consumption of code in file hospitalized (null if the ICD-9-CM code file)OP_USAGE -% of total consumption of code in the file out-patient services (null if the ICD-9-CM code file)AVG_USAGE is the average IP_USAGE and OP_USAGE. The file is sorted in descending order of the value of theIS_NEC is whether the code of ICD-9-CM code NEC (not elsewhere classified), all codes NEC does not map 1-1SNOMED_CID -SNOMED CT concept ID, the target map (null for codes, ICD-9-CM without maps)SNOMED_FSN -SNOMED CT fully specified name (null for codes, ICD-9-CM without maps)IS_1-1MAP – is this map-1-1CORE_USAGE -statistical subset CORE (only filled with SNOMED CT concepts in the subset of CORE)IN_CORE – whether the concept of SNOMED CT is a subset of the CORE

License requirements
According to the mapping assumptions of the NLM on the map can be used by users that are licensed to SNOMED CT and ICD-9-CM. SNOMED CT is owned by the International Health terminology standards development organisation (IHTSDO) from which the NLM is a member of the us. The use of SNOMED CT is in the Member States of the IHTSDO in low incomes and research projects approved in the country, including the United States, but is subject to the provisions of the licence of IHTSDO Affiliate, (contained in the license agreement to use IT DIRECTLY ® Metathesaurus ® in Appendix 2). The use of ICD-9-CM is free.

Comments and questions
We welcome any questions, comments or suggestions that would improve the quality, accuracy and usefulness of the map. Please send feedback via e-mail Dr. Kin Wah Fung, Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, national library of medicine through the NLM client service with the topic "ICD-9-CM to SNOMED CT Map".


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